[SANTÉ] Sexualité : Une pilule contraceptive efficace à 99 % pour les hommes bientôt disponible !
Doit-on croire qu’un pas décisif vers le partage de la responsabilité de la contraception au sein des couples hétérosexuels vient peut-être d’être franchi ?
Dans un article publié sur Kombini news le 24 mars 2022 par Eve Chunu, une équipe de scientifiques a annoncé avoir développé une pilule de contraception masculine sans hormone, efficace à 99 % chez les souris sans provoquer d’effets secondaires visibles. Elle pourrait être testée sur les sujets mâles d’ici la fin de l’année.
L’équipe, financée par les Instituts américains pour la santé (NIH) et l’organisation à but non lucratif Male Contraceptive Initiative, a donc développé un composé nommé YCT529 pour bloquer l’action des RAR-alpha.
Les précédentes tentatives d’élaboration d’une pilule masculine tentaient d’imiter le fonctionnement de la pilule féminine en agissant sur une hormone masculine, la testostérone. Mais ces essais provoquaient des effets secondaires indésirables tels que la prise de poids, des accès de dépression et une hausse du taux de cholestérol, qui accroit le risque de maladie cardiaque. La pilule pour femmes provoque également des effets indésirables, comme par exemple un risque accru de formation de caillots sanguins.
Pour développer une pilule non hormonale, l’équipe à l’origine de cette nouvelle trouvaille a ciblé une protéine, le récepteur alpha de l’acide rétinoïque (RAR-alpha). Cet acide joue un rôle important dans la croissance des cellules, la formation des spermatozoïdes et le développement de l’embryon.
Ces résultats doivent être présentés lors de la conférence de printemps de la Société américaine de chimie. Ils marquent une étape importante pour la contraception masculine, qui demeure très marginale au sein des couples. La recherche d’une pilule contraceptive pour les hommes remonte aussi loin que l’autorisation, dans les années 1960, de son équivalent féminin, explique à l’AFP Md Abdullah Al Noman, un étudiant de master à l’université du Minnesota, qui présentera ces travaux lors de la conférence.
« De nombreuses études montrent que les hommes sont intéressés par un partage de la responsabilité de la contraception au sein du couple », explique-t-il. Pourtant, seules deux solutions efficaces et reconnues existent à ce jour : les préservatifs et la vasectomie, une solution durable sur laquelle il est compliqué (et cher) de revenir.
D’autres pratiques, comme le slip chauffant et l’anneau autour des testicules, demeurent confidentielles et non validées par les autorités sanitaires.
Une potentielle commercialisation d’ici cinq ans
Administrée oralement aux souris mâles pendant quatre semaines, cette pilule a drastiquement réduit la production de spermatozoïdes et a été efficace à 99 % pour prévenir les grossesses, sans que ne soient observés d’effets secondaires. Et six semaines après l’arrêt de son ingestion, les souris pouvaient de nouveau procréer.
L’équipe, financée par les Instituts américains pour la santé (NIH) et l’organisation à but non lucratif Male Contraceptive Initiative, travaille avec l’entreprise Your Choice Therapeutics pour commencer des essais cliniques dans la deuxième moitié de 2022, a précisé la professeure Gunda Georg. « Je pense que cela peut avancer rapidement », a-t-elle déclaré, estimant qu’une commercialisation pourrait intervenir d’ici cinq ans. « Il n’y a pas de garantie de succès… mais je serais vraiment surprise de ne pas observer un effet aussi sur les humains », a ajouté la chimiste.
Des études ont montré que la majorité des femmes seraient prêtes à s’en remettre à leur partenaire, et un nombre important d’hommes ont indiqué être prêts à prendre une pilule contraceptive. « La contraception masculine va s’ajouter aux choix existants et permettra aux hommes et aux femmes de choisir la méthode contraceptive qui leur semble la plus appropriée », a salué la Male Contraceptive Initiative.
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