ECONOMIE : En Afrique, la reprise économique freinée par le Covid-19
L’Afrique subsaharienne devrait enregistrer en 2021 la croissance économique régionale la plus lente au monde, avec un taux de 3,4 %, alors qu’elle peine à se remettre de la crise provoquée par le Covid-19, a averti le Fonds monétaire international (FMI) jeudi 14 avril 2021
«Les difficultés économiques ont provoqué d’importants bouleversements sociaux et un trop grand nombre de personnes ont replongé dans la pauvreté», a déclaré Abebe Aemro Selassie, directeur du département Afrique du FMI : «Le nombre de personnes extrêmement pauvres en Afrique subsaharienne a augmenté de plus de 32 millions, selon les projections.»
Faute d’approvisionnements suffisants en vaccins contre le Covid-19, l’Afrique subsaharienne subit un retard considérable dans ses campagnes de vaccination.
La pandémie liée au coronavirus a ainsi mis en lumière une nouvelle fois le décalage entre les pays riches et pauvres de la planète. Selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), «moins de 2 % des 690 millions de doses de vaccin anti-Covid-19 administrées jusqu’à présent à l’échelle mondiale l’ont été en Afrique».
Pour le FMI, cet accès limité aux vaccins, de même que l’espace politique restreint dans beaucoup des pays du continent, freinent la reprise à court terme. Selon ses prévisions, pour la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, le coût de la vaccination de 60 % de la population nécessitera une augmentation des dépenses de santé pouvant aller jusqu’à 50 % et pourrait dépasser 2 % du PIB dans certains pays.
2020, la pire année jamais enregistrée
Le FMI estime que l’Afrique subsaharienne se remettra de la contraction de 1,9 % du PIB de 2020 – la pire année jamais enregistrée – avec une croissance de 3,4 % cette année, explicable par la réouverture des frontières, qui stimule les échanges et le commerce. Mais dans de nombreux pays, «les revenus par habitant ne retrouveront pas les niveaux d’avant-crise avant 2025», prévient le rapport.
Selon M. Selassie, les pays africains ont été frappés par trois phénomènes liés à la pandémie : l’augmentation des besoins des systèmes de santé et d’infrastructures, l’accroissement des niveaux d’endettement et l’incapacité des gouvernements à collecter davantage d’impôts.
D’autres facteurs tels que l’accès au financement extérieur, l’instabilité politique, la sécurité intérieure ou les chocs climatiques pourraient compromettre davantage la reprise.
En revanche, le FMI note que la fourniture ou le déploiement plus rapide que prévu de vaccins pourraient améliorer les perspectives à court terme de la région.
Avec AFP
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