
Emprunter à la banque ou dans les instituts de micro finances au Togo et dans la zone UEMOA entendu Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine est une sinécure et revient à vous endetter jusqu’au cou si ce n’est que le prêt est refusé.
Chantal se rend dans un institut de micro finance de Lomé. Elle voulait faire un emprunt de 1 million de fcfa pour booster son commerce. La préposée au crédit lui dit qu’au préalable elle devrait avoir le 1/3 de l’emprunt sur son compte c’est-à-dire 335.000 fcfa et a commencé à égrener garanties, frais de dossier, assurance et d’autres exigences dont éventuellement des preuves de sources de revenus et enfin les intérêts que son prêt va générer mensuellement. Petit calcul fait, le taux sur son emprunt de 1 million de fcfa va lui coûter entre 12 et 18% sur l’année.
Anselme travaillant dans la fonction publique se rend dans sa banque pour un prêt qui lui permettra d’ouvrir un commerce pour sa femme et s’acheter une moto afin de réduire les frais de trajet domicile boulot. Il voulait un prêt de 3 millions. Outre sa fiche de paie qui est une garantie de l’État, sa banque réclame une autre garantie qui justifiera une solvabilité. Après étude de dossier le taux d’intérêt devrait tourner autour de 9 à 12%.
Dernier exemple, François qui a créé sa PME depuis 5 ans et qui a 3 apprentis voudrait bien se voir octroyer un prêt pour l’agrandir et transformer un de ses apprenants en employé lui garantissant ainsi un revenu mensuel. Après dépôt de titre foncier, un cahier des charges et cahier comptable sur sa gestion de sa PME, il se voit refuser le prêt. Raison, risque d’insolvabilité trop élevé.
Directives BCEAO et Banque de France
Ces faits réels résument à eux seuls la difficulté dans l’espace UEMOA à emprunter de l’argent pour soutenir son entreprise ou pour investir. Dans nos pays utilisant le franc cfa, les banques sont frileuses sur les emprunts bancaires et les taux d’intérêts sont élevés à telle enseigne qu’ils sont un véritable goulot d’étranglement pour les emprunteurs.
Les banques sont un véritable levier de développement par la croissance pour un pays. Car les emprunts favorisent les investissements, la consommation qui engendre la croissance pour les États. Dans les caisses c’est de l’argent frais à travers la TVA et les impôts et autres dus. On constate malheureusement que les banques ne jouent pas leurs partitions parce que subordonnées aux desiderata de Chamalières où est fabriqué le franc des colonies et donc à la banque de France.
Dans les pays occidentaux, les prêts à la consommation oscillent entre 1 et 4% car les banques se financent et les taux d’emprunt des banques à la banque centrale ne dépassent pas 1%. Mieux les prêts hypothécaires sont au maximum de 1% sur 25 ans. Et les gestionnaires de compte font la courbette aux clients pour qu’ils empruntent. Voilà pourquoi en occident malgré les diverses crises liées à la finance, à l’immobilier et sanitaire, la croissance est toujours soutenue et permet le développement.
Difficile développement
Dans les pays africains nos banques sont plutôt des banques de dépôt et jamais les banquiers ne font pas de propositions pour que les clients puissent mieux emprunter pour mieux investir. On rétorquera qu’elles ne sont pas des sociétés d’investissement, mais étant des banques qui doivent engranger des bénéfices, elles ont cette obligation de courtiser des clients.
Une banque doit également avoir un pourcentage de risque à prendre qui généralement est de l’ordre de 2%, à moins de me tromper. Sur le continent noir ce risque est de 0% pour les banques ce qui est une entorse aux emprunts.
Partant de tout ce qui précède, comment peut-on s’attendre à un développement de l’Afrique francophone en particulier? Tant que les banques seront dans leur grande partie des banques de dépôt, il n’y aura pas une croissance soutenue et donc pas de développement.
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