Qu’est-ce que le virus mortel de « Marbourg » qui a fait surface cette semaine pour la première fois en Guinée équatoriale ?
Le virus mortel de Marbourg a fait surface cette semaine pour la première fois en Guinée équatoriale, causant au moins neuf décès dans ce pays d’Afrique , selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé…..Une poignée de cas de Marburg ont été identifiés au Ghana à la fin de l’année dernière.
Bien qu’elle reste «une maladie très rare chez l’homme», selon les Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «lorsqu’elle survient, elle a le potentiel de se propager» et peut être mortelle….Ce n’est pas une maladie aéroportée. Au lieu de cela, elle se propage rapidement entre les humains par contact direct avec les fluides corporels des personnes infectées tels que le sang, la salive ou l’urine, ainsi que sur les surfaces et les matériaux.
Les proches et les agents de santé restent les plus vulnérables aux côtés des patients, et les corps peuvent rester contagieux même lors de l’enterrement. La maladie a été reconnue pour la première fois en 1967, lorsque des épidémies sont survenues parmi des employés de laboratoire à Marburg et Francfort, en Allemagne, et à Belgrade, en Serbie.
Marburg est une fièvre hémorragique virale rare mais hautement contagieuse et appartient à la même famille qu’Ébola, un virus plus connu qui sévit en Afrique de l’Ouest depuis des années.
Le virus de Marburg est un «virus zoonotique… à ARN génétiquement unique de la famille des filovirus», selon les Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC des États-Unis ). « Les six espèces du virus Ébola sont les seuls autres membres connus de la famille des filovirus. »
Les taux de mortalité varient de 24% à 88%, selon l’OMS. Marburg a probablement été transmis aux personnes par des chauves-souris frugivores à la suite d’une exposition prolongée de personnes travaillant dans des mines et des grottes qui abritent des colonies de chauves-souris Rousettus.
Ces chauves-souris sont porteuses d’un virus aussi mortel qu’Ébola, et les scientifiques les traquent pour tenter d’arrêter sa propagation
Une fois qu’une personne est infectée, le virus peut se propager facilement entre les humains par contact direct avec les fluides corporels des personnes infectées comme le sang, la salive ou l’urine, ainsi que sur les surfaces et les matériaux. Les proches et les agents de santé restent les plus vulnérables aux côtés des patients, et les corps peuvent rester contagieux lors de l’enterrement.
Les premiers cas du virus ont été identifiés en Europe en 1967. Deux grandes épidémies à Marburg et Francfort en Allemagne, et à Belgrade, en Serbie, ont conduit à la reconnaissance initiale de la maladie. Au moins sept décès ont été signalés lors de cette épidémie, les premières personnes infectées ayant été exposées à des singes verts africains importés d’Ouganda ou à leurs tissus lors de recherches en laboratoire, a indiqué le CDC.
Les cas du Ghana ne sont que la deuxième fois que Marburg est détecté en Afrique de l’Ouest. Le premier cas signalé dans la région s’est produit en Guinée l’année dernière. Le virus peut se propager rapidement. Plus de 90 contacts, dont des agents de santé et des membres de la communauté, sont suivis au Ghana. L’OMS a déclaré qu’elle avait également tendu la main aux pays voisins à haut risque pour les mettre en alerte.
Selon l’OMS :
La maladie à virus Marburg (MVM), autrefois appelée fièvre hémorragique à virus Marburg, est une maladie grave, souvent mortelle chez l’être humain.
Le virus provoque une fièvre hémorragique virale sévère chez l’homme.
Le taux de létalité moyen de cette maladie avoisine les 50 %. Il a varié de 24 % à 88 % lors des flambées épidémiques précédentes, en fonction de la souche virale et de la prise en charge des cas.
Une prise en charge précoce avec réhydratation et traitement symptomatique améliore la survie.
Il n’existe actuellement aucun traitement homologué pour neutraliser le virus, mais plusieurs traitements à base de produits sanguins, de thérapies immunitaires et de traitements médicamenteux sont en cours de développement.
On considère que Rousettus aegypticus, une roussette de la famille des Ptéropodidés, est l’hôte naturel du virus de Marburg. Cette chauve-souris transmet à l’homme le virus.
La participation de la communauté est essentielle pour juguler les flambées.
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