« Pour être président de la République, le candidat doit être de mère et de père congolais » : la RDC rejoint le Togo
Les Congolais nés d'un ou de parent(s) étranger(s) pourraient se voir refuser le droit d'être candidats aux fonctions suprêmes.
Dr Christian Spieker sur les conditions prévues par la Constitution pour être candidat aux fonctions du Président
La RDC (République démocratique du Congo) rejoint le Togo dans les conditions prévues par la Constitution pour être candidat aux fonctions du Président de la République et même va au-delà du cas togolais puisque c’est étendu à d’autres hautes fonctions étatiques. Dans les années à venir, ça va faire une tache d’huile dans les constitutions des pays africains.
Un député de la majorité présidentielle en République démocratique du Congo propose une loi pour limiter des postes seulement à des candidats nés des parents congolais dont la fonction du Président de la République. Cette proposition de loi fait du tollé dans le pays.
La chaîne française France 24 n´a pas raté l´occasion pour crier “au voleur“. Est-ce la méfiance avec le Rwanda, pays d´où proviennent les rebelles pour attaquer la RDC ou l´auteur est-il guidé par une autre motivation nationaliste vis-à-vis des métis dont certains sont nés soit de père congolais et de mère étrangère ou de mère congolaise et de père étranger? Seul lui-même est capable de dire ses motivatios pour répondre à cette question. Nous pouvons tout simplement dire que cette proposition de loi est très claire et peut être retrouvée dans l´alinéa 1er de l´article 62 de notre Constitution qui ne prête non plus à aucune confusion aussi bien dans l’esprit du texte que dans sa lettre.
Dans l´alinéa 1er de l´article 62 de la Constitution togolaise, il est aussi expressément stipulé que :
“Nul ne peut être candidat aux fonctions du Président de la République s´il n´est exclusivement de nationalité togolaise de naissance“. Cela revient à dire encore clairement et plus simplement que tout candidat aux fonctions du Président de la Républque au Togo doit être né des parents Togolais. C’est la formulation la plus simple à comprendre par les profanes et citoyens ordinaires comme il est écrit dans la proposition de loi en RDC. Si les deux textes congolais et togolais ne sont pas écrits de la même manière, par contre leur sens et leur interprétation ne prêtent à aucune confusion. Ils sont tous deux très clairs.
On n´a pas besoin d´être Juriste pour le comprendre. Le mot le plus important dans le texte togolais est l’adverbe « exclusivement ». Cela veut dire que les deux parents du candidat à cette fonction (père et mère) au moment de sa naissance doivent être tous deux de nationalité togolaise puisque ce sont les parents qui transmettent automatiquement leur nationalité à leurs enfants à la naissance.
Cela veut dire clairement qu´en République démocratique du Congo, pour être candidat aux fonctions du Président de la République si cette loi est votée, il faut être désormais né des parents exclusivement congolais. Le père doit être congolais et la mère doit être aussi congolaise au moment de sa naissance. Cela revient à dire qu´à votre naissance vos deux parents doivent avoir la nationalité congolaise si vous voulez être candidat aux fonctions du Président en RDC. La formulation du texte est plus technique dans le cas togolais que dans le cas congolais. C’est plus facile pour les juristes que pour les profanes, c’est-à-dire les non juristes à le comprendre.
Mais il est à préciser (c´est très important) que cette proposition de loi congolaise comme d’ailleurs dans le cas togolais dans son alinéa 1er de l’article 62 de notre Constitution, n´interdit pas la double nationalité du candidat à la fonction présidentielle mais il ne doit pas avoir cette double nationalité à la naissance, c’est tout (par l´un de ses parents), c´est-à-dire l´un de ses parents au moment de sa naissance ne doit avoir pas une nationalité étrangère. Par contre le candidat peut l´acquérir par la suite après sa naissance, soit par le mariage ou la naturalisation. C´est une proposition de loi plus claire et sans équivoque dans le cas congolais.
C´est la même chose qu´on retrouve à l´alinéa 1er de l´article 62 de notre Constitution où il est expressément écrit :
“Nul ne peut être candidat aux fonctions du Président de la République s´il n´est exclusivement de nationalité togolaise de naissance“. Les deux textes, s´ils ne sont pas écrits de la même manière ont quand même le même sens et leur interprétation ne prête à aucune confusion. Mais pour le cas togolais il faut avoir un niveau intellectuel pour mieux saisir le sens. En République démocratique du Congo le verbe “ naître“ est conjugué alors que dans le cas du Togo c´est le nom « naissance » qui est employé à la place de « nés » avec l’adverbe exclusivement.
Dans le cas togolais, les profanes ont tendance à interpréter très mal cet article et le confondre avec l’interdiction de la double nationalité. Cette loi n´interdit pas la double nationlaité pour un candidat né exclusivement des parents togolais. Seulement il ne doit pas l´acquérir par la naissance. Ses deux parents doivent être exclusivement Togolais au moment de sa naissance afin que l´enfant né de leur union puisse être aussi exclusivement togolais de naissance.
Tout se repose sur le mot « naissance“ à la fin de la phrase. Là où la proposition de loi congolaise parle de « nés des parents congolais », la loi togolaise, elle, parle de “.exclusivement de nationalité togolaise de naissance“. C´est la structure des deux phrases qui diffère l’une de l’autre mais veulent dire parfaitement la même chose. Aucune de ces deux lois fondamentales togolaise et congolaise n´interdit la double nationalité après la naissance du candidat mais ne doit pas l´acquérir au moment de sa naissance car dans les deux cas il doit être né des parents, tous deux exclusivement togolais ou congolais au moment de leur naissance pour pouvoir transmettre la même chose à leur enfant qui vient d’être né.
Tout se joue au moment précis de la naissance de l’enfant et non après. Si par exemple l’un des deux parents est étranger au moment de la naissance de l’enfant qui veut devenir président mais est naturalisé par la suite après la naissance de l’enfant, cette loi frappera cet enfant aussi bien dans le cas congolais que togolais. Il ne peut pas être candidat à cette fonction présidentielle s’il faut appliquer la loi telle qu’elle est écrite.
À contrario si l’un des parents du candidat venait d’acquérir une autre nationalité seulement après la naissance de l’enfant qui deviendra plus tard candidat aux fonctions du Président de la République ou si l’enfant lui-même venait d’acquérir une double nationalité à l’âge de majorité soit par le mariage ou la naturalisation, il ne sera pas frappé par cette interdiction car tout s’est passé après sa naissance, pourvu qu’il conserve sa nationalité d’origine au moment de l’acquisition d’une autre nationalité. Le débat est clos.
Dr. Christian Spieker
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